01
Played complex jazz by ear on West Virginia radio by age nine without ever learning to read music.
02
Enlisted in 1942, breaking racial barriers as part of the first African American cohort to integrate the U.S. Marine Corps.
03
Posthumously awarded the Congressional Gold Medal in 2016, America’s highest civilian honor.
Rewriting the rules — because the institution only recognized frontmen, Keith Richards and Eric Clapton successfully lobbied to create an entirely new entry path.
The Sideman category — the Hall of Fame created the “Sidemen” category specifically to induct Johnnie Johnson in 2001.